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Interoperability testing

Part 2

The goal of interoperability testing proves the end to end functionality between two communicating systems required by the standard on which the systems are based.

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The lack of interoperability testing causes:

  • Loss of data
  • Unreliable performance
  • Unreliable operation
  • Low maintainability
  • Incorrect operation

The different software levels in interoperability testing is

  • Physical interoperability
  • Data-type interoperability
  • Specific –level interoperability
  • Semantic interoperability

The objectives of this interoperability testing is

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  • Determining the perfect and accurate data passed between the software

Applications.

  • Conform proper timing and coordination of functions which exists between the applications.

For example developing the test transactions and verifying the process in one application or entering the transaction in production environment or verifying the new changes of the parameters in the system. The main disadvantage is time consuming that is cost may be high if the system is run several times.

The challenges faced by interoperability testing:

  • Determining the basic root and cause in depth of the defects
  • The accurate measurement of any application results
  • The scalability and flexibility of the testing
  • Complex features in the network
  • Testing all the equipments
  • Creating the documents
  • Inappropriate requirements

The difference between the interoperability testing and conformance testing is in interoperability testing, it makes certain that the application or software will interoperate with other without any certified issues. Whereas in conformance testing it makes sure that the compliance of the product is required for the standard and specification.

Interoperability testing is done because it ensures the end-end service facility for more products for different sellers. The software should be able to communicate with other components without any compatible issues.

The different test strategies of interoperability testing is

  • Connecting two or more components from different sellers
  • Check connection between the devices
  • Check if the device can send or receive the network packets
  • If result is ok then go for testing next result.

Check your understanding:

  1. What is interoperability testing?
  2. What are the types of interoperability testing? give some example
  3. What are the levels of interoperability testing?
  4. Why do we need interoperability testing?
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  1. 1. Interoperability testing: Testing is performed to check the interaction between different system components. It is a process where one application interacts with another. It involves testing the application or software program is compatible with other environments and encourage the cross-functionality.
    2. Types of Interoperatibilty:
    1. Syntactic interoperatibility: Ex: In health care industry it permits the “uniform movement” of health data from system to system where the clinical or operational purpose and meaning of the data is preserved and unaltered.”
    Semantic interoperatibility: Ex: Electronic invoices sent from the supplier’s computer system are automatically recognized, compared to the delivery notifications by the customer, and further processed in the accounting system of the customer, by identifying the date of the invoice, its number, and the amount of pay.
    Cross-Domain interoperatibility: Ex: Web services defined in WSDL (Web Services Definition language) or BPML (Business process model language) In the road traffic accident automation project the filing of the compensation forms by the hospitals was centrally secured as a web-service.
    3. levels of interoperability testing:
    – Physical interoperability
    – Data type interoperability
    – Specific-level interoperability
    – Semantic interoperability
    4. Need of interoperability testing: Because it ensures the end-end service facility for more products for different sellers.

  2. 1. Interoperability testing : testing the application is compatible with other environments and encourages the cross – functionality.
    2. Types of Interoperability testing:
    – Syntactic Interoperability: Example in a health care system, structured messages being sent from system to system.
    – Semantic Interoperability: Example in a health care system, common medical terminologies that is used for reliable machine to machine communication.
    – Cross domain Interoperability: Example is facebook being able to work with other shopping apps.
    3. Levels of Interoperability testing:
    – Physical interoperability
    – Data-type interoperability
    – Specific – level interoperability
    – Semantic interoperability
    4. Interoperability Testing is necessary:
    – To determine that perfect and accurate data is passed between the software
    – Confirm proper timing
    – Coordination of functions which exists between the applications

  3. The reasons why we need interoperability testing are: it helps saves from loss of data, helps with reliable performance,low maintainability, and accuracy of the operations. Interoperability testing is done to ensure end to end service facility for more products for different sellers. The testing makes sure that software is able to communicate with other components like browsers, hardware components, different applications without any incompatibility issues.

  4. 1. Interoperability testing is to check the interaction between two different software.

    3. The different software levels in interoperability testing is

    Physical interoperability
    Data-type interoperability
    Specific –level interoperability
    Semantic interoperability

    4. this testing is important to ensure end to end functionality of two software are working properly.

  5. Interoperability testing is performe to check if application can interact with other application.And to check the interaction between different components.
    Tyes of Interoperability::
    Syntactic interoperability
    Semantic interoperability
    Cross domain interoperability

    Levels of Interoperability:
    Physical interoperability
    Datatype interoperability
    Specific level interoperability
    Semantic interoperability
    Interoperability testing is done because it ensures the end-end service facility for more products for different sellers. The software should be able to communicate with other components without any compatible issues.

  6. INTEROPERABILITY TESTING
    1. Testing to make sure the software can work with different browsers.
    2. Syntatic, semantic, cross domain.
    3. Levels: physical, data type, and specific level.
    4.Connecting two or more components from different sellers.

  7. What is interoperability testing?
    Interoperability testing is a type of testing where it checks/verifies if the system is completely working with another application.
    What are the types of interoperability testing? give some example
    Syntactic Interoperability:
    Semantic Interoperability:
    Cross-Domain Interoperability
    What are the levels of interoperability testing?
    – Physical interoperability
    – Data-type interoperability
    – Specific – level interoperability
    – Semantic interoperability
    Why do we need interoperability testing?
    It is crucial to use and perform interoperability if you have a complex system. This will make sure your system will work as supposed to when combined with other system. It is complicated by long term efficient.

  8. Interoperability Testing:
    Interoperability testing is a type of testing to check whether software can inter-operate with other software component, software’s or systems.

    Types of interoperability testing:
    1. Syntactic Interoperability: If two or more computer systems are capable communicating using specified data formats and communication protocols.
    2. Semantic Interoperability: The ability to automatically interpret the information exchanged meaningfully and accurately in order to produce useful results by the end users of both the computer systems.
    3. Cross-Domain Interoperability: It considers social, political, legal entities working together for information exchange.

    Levels of interoperability testing:
    • Physical interoperability
    • Data-type interoperability
    • Specific –level interoperability
    • Semantic interoperability

    Importance of Interoperability Testing/Why to do Interoperability Testing:
    Interoperability testing is done because,
    • It ensures end-to-end service provision across two or more products from different vendors
    • The software product should be able to communicate with other component or device without any compatibility issues

  9. The interoperability testing is performed to check the interaction between different system components. Interoperability testing involves testing the application or software program is compatible with other environments and encourages the cross – functionality. Interoperability is a process where an application interacts with other application. When the testing is done, it is taken care that the data from one application to other application is transferred in a meaningful manner automatically to give the accepted output.
    There are three types Interoperability testing. They are:
    Syntactic Interoperability: if two or more computer systems are capable communicating using specified data formats and communication protocols.
    Semantic Interoperability: The ability to automatically interpret the information exchanged meaningfully and accurately in order to produce useful results by the end users of both the computer systems.
    Cross-Domain Interoperability: it considers social, political, legal entities working together for information exchange.
    The different software levels in interoperability testing is
    Physical interoperability
    Data-type interoperability
    Specific –level interoperability
    Semantic interoperability
    Interoperability testing is done because it ensures the end-end service facility for more products for different sellers. The software should be able to communicate with other components without any compatible issues.

  10. Interoperability testing: This testing has done to check the relation between the system which are related or differ to each other as many different kind of technology is being used to built one software.

    Types of interoperability testing and example
    Syntactic Interoperability: 2 or more then 2 computers are sharing the specific data.
    Semantic Interoperability: Exchanging the information meaningfully and the result must be useful between two computers.
    Cross-Domain Interoperability: It considers social, political, legal entities working together for information exchange.

    Levels of interoperability testing:
    Physical interoperability
    Data-type interoperability
    Specific –level interoperability
    Semantic interoperability

    Needs interoperability testing:
    -Perfect and accurate data between the software applications.
    -Accurate timing and coordination of functions which exists between the applications.

  11. Interoperability testing is the testing of Software application for compatibility in cross platform environments settings and functionality of systems operations without lost of data in transaction.
    1. Types of interoperability testing and example
    Syntactic Interoperability
    Semantic Interoperability
    Cross-Domain Interoperability
    2. Levels of interoperability testing:
    Physical interoperability
    Data-type interoperability
    Specific – level interoperability
    Semantic interoperability
    3. Needs interoperability testing:
    Ensures the end to end service facility for more products from different vendors.
    The software product should be able to communicate with other components or devices without any compatibility problems.

  12. 1. Interoperability testing is a process where an application interacts with other application. Testing is performed to check the interaction between different components.
    2. Types of interoperability testing are:
    Syntactic Interoperability
    Semantic Interoperability
    Cross-Domain Interoperability
    3 Levels of interoperability testing are
    Physical interoperability
    Data-type interoperability
    Specific –level interoperability
    Semantic interoperability
    4..Interoperability testing is done because it ensures the end-end service facility for more products for different sellers. The software should be able to communicate with other components without any compatible issues.

  13. 1.Interoperability is a process where an application interacts with other application. When the testing is done, it is taken care that the data from one application to other application is transferred in a meaningful manner automatically to give the accepted output.
    2.. Types of interoperability
    A)Syntactic interoperability
    B) semantic interoperability
    C) cross domain interoperability
    3. Physical interoperability
    Data-type interoperability
    Specific –level interoperability
    Semantic interoperability
    4.Interoperability testing is done because it ensures the end-end service facility for more products for different sellers. The software should be able to communicate with other components without any compatible issues.

  14. Interoperability testing:
    1- it’s a testing that makes sure the software application can work with different browsers.
    2- Suntatic, Semantics, Crooss domain,
    3- Levels: physical, data type, specific level.
    4- connecting 2 or more components from many sellers.

  15. 1.The interaction between different application, browser is called Interoparability Testing.
    2.There are three types of Interoparability testing are:
    -Syntactic Interoparability
    -Semantic Interoparability
    -Cross Domain Interoparability
    3.The levels of Interoparability testing are:
    -Physical Interoparability
    -data type Interoparability
    -Specific Level Interoparability
    -Semantic Interoparability
    4.It is used because the software should communicate between different component of each other.

  16. 1. Interoperability is a process where an application interacts with other application. When the testing is done, it is taken care that the data from one application to other application is transferred in a meaningful manner automatically to give the accepted output.
    2. Types of interoperability testing: Syntactic Interoperability, Semantic interoperability, Cross-Domain interoperability
    3. What are the levels of interoperability testing? a. Physical interoperability b. Data-type interoperability c. Specific-level interoperability d. Semantic interoperability

    4. We need interoperability testing to ensure the end-to-end service facility for more products for different sellers. The software should be able to communicate with other components without any compatible issues.

  17. Interoperability testing proves the end to end functionality between two communicating systems required by the standard on which the systems are based..
    Levels of interoperability testing are:
    Physical Interoperability
    Data-type Interoperability
    Specification level Interoperability
    Semantic Interoperability
    Different types of interoperability testing:
    Syntactic Interoperability: Where two or more systems are able to communicate and exchange data..
    Semantic Interoperability: Where the data exchanged between two or more systems is understandable to each system.
    Why do we need interoperability testing:
    It ensures end-to-end service provision across two or more products from different vendors

  18. The interoperability testing is performed to check the interaction between different system components.

    Types of interoperability testing: Syntactic Interoperability, Semantic interoperability, Cross-Domain interoperability

    What are the levels of interoperability testing?
    a. Physical interoperability
    b. Data-type interoperability
    c. Specific-level interoperability
    d. Semantic interoperability

    4. Interoperability testing is done because it ensures the end-end service facility for more products for different sellers. The software should be able to communicate with other components without any issues.

  19. 1)What is interoperability testing?
    Many new technologies are emerging in an existing field. In order to make sure that these new programs are compatible with the existing technology, we need to interoperability testing. It is important that the new system and the old, existing system interacts flawlessly and is cross-functional. For example, if the original output program can only take in a one- or two- digit number for the age field, and the new input program that is built feeds in a one-, two-, or three- digit number for the age field, this new input program is not compatible with the original output program. In this case, interoperability testing is advantageous because it will catch this mismatch before program launch.

    2)What are the types of interoperability testing? give some example
    There are three types Interoperability testing. They are:
    A) Syntactic Interoperability: if two or more computer systems are capable communicating using specified data formats and communication protocols. For example, if the original output program can only take in a one- or two- digit number for the age field, and the new input program that is built feeds in a one-, two-, or three- digit number for the age field, this new input program is not compatible with the original output program.
    B) Semantic Interoperability: The ability to automatically interpret the information exchanged meaningfully and accurately to produce useful results by the end users of both the computer systems. For example, a program exists to calculate one’s body mass index based on their weight in kg and their height in meters. A new input program is built but gives the weight in pounds and height in feet. In this case, there is no syntax error since the original program will receive a two-digit number for the weight and a number in this format xx.x (one digit in the tenths place) for the height. However, the information is not exchanged meaningfully because the units are not correct.
    C) Cross-Domain Interoperability: it considers social, political, legal entities working together for information exchange. For example, the original program requires all seven digits of a person’s social security number. A new program is built to interface with the original program, but the new program only gives the last four digits of a person’s social security number (for security reasons). In this scenario, the original program can no longer work since it is not receiving all the information it needs.

    3) What are the levels of interoperability testing?
    The different software levels in interoperability testing is
    Physical interoperability, Data-type interoperability, Specific –level interoperability, Semantic interoperability.

    4) Why do we need interoperability testing?
    Interoperability testing is done because it ensures the end-end service facility for more products for different sellers. The software should be able to communicate with other components without any compatibility issues. If we do not perform interoperability testing, there is a chance for losing data, experiencing unreliable performance and/or incorrect operation.

  20. What is interoperability testing? testing how application interact with other application.
    What are the types of interoperability testing? Syntactic Interoperability, Semantic interoperability, Cross-Domain interoperability
    What are the levels of interoperability testing? a. Physical interoperability b. Data-type interoperability c. Specific-level interoperability d. Semantic interoperability
    Why do we need interoperability testing? it ensures the end-end service facility for more products for different sellers. The software should be able to communicate with other components without any compatible issues.

  21. 1. Interoperability testing is a process where the interactions between the with applications/system are tested to make sure that the data from one application to other application is transferred automatically to give the accepted output.
    2. There are three types Interoperability testing:
    a. Syntactic Interoperability:
    If two or more computer systems are capable communicating using specified data formats and communication protocols.
    b. Semantic Interoperability:
    The ability to automatically interpret the information exchanged meaningfully and accurately in order to produce useful
    results by the end users of both the computer systems.
    c. Cross-Domain Interoperability:
    it considers social, political, legal entities working together for information exchange.
    3. The different software levels in interoperability testing:
    a. Physical interoperability
    b. Data-type interoperability
    c. Specific –level interoperability
    d. Semantic interoperability.
    4 The Interoperability testing is needed to check and determine that the accurate data passed between the applications/software also to make sure the coordination of functions between the applications/software.

  22. Interoperability testing is testing performed to check interoperability i.e the interaction between two systems or two different applications. It is necessary for smooth , uninerrupted and accurate transfer of data between systems.
    There are 3 types of interoperability testing : Syntactic , Semantic and Cross-Domain.
    e.g A doctor’s office can communicate with pharmacies, labs, hospitals, insurance companies about a patient and share and transfer data irrespective of the type of system that is used. If interoperability testing is performed in this scenario, the patient’s data e.g lab order, prescription, medication list etc can not only be updated effortlessly but also can be shared or transferred between the different entities managing the patient’s health.
    The different levels of interoperability testing are Physical, Data-type, Specific and Semantic.
    This type of testing is necessary to ensure that the software is efficiently capable of interaction with other systems or components thereby making data transfer possible without loss or interruption or errors.

  23. 1. Interoperability testing
    Interoperabilty is the process where the application or software communicates
    with each other and exchanges data in the meaningful manner
    Interoperability testing checks whether the application is compatible in all the
    environments and encourages cross functionality.software needs that the data to
    be transferred to and fro from other software or application.Software component
    should recognize these data and should provide accessible and useful results

    2.Types of interoperability testing
    –syntactic interoperability testing – if two or more softwares communicate with
    specified data formats and protocols
    –semantic interoperability testing-It tests whether the data transferred from other
    application is interpreted in the meaningful and acceptable way so that the
    desired results can be shown in both users system.
    –cross domain interoperability testing – it considers social,political entities required
    information exchange
    Ex
    if we book flight tickets from Minneapolis to Los angels,there wont be any direct flight so first lets book the ticket from mn to miami through american airlines and the connecting flight from miami to LA in delta airlines..in this the passenger information should automatically pass through from American to delta airlines without any interruption.This process should be tested in interoperability testing

    3.Levels of interoperability testing
    — Physical interoperability
    –sematic interoperability
    –data type interoperability
    –specific level interoperability

    4.Interoperability testing tests cross functionality between the applications and also ensures that the data passed to and from the software application is interpreted correctly and provides desired results.It also checks the compatibility of the software in different environments
    It also ensures that the software is able to communicate with other software without any compatible issues

  24. 1. Interoperability testing is the process of checking whether the data from one application to another is transferred in a proper manner to get the expected desired output.
    2. There are three types Interoperability testing.

    Syntactic Interoperability: if two or more computer systems are capable communicating using specified data formats and communication protocols.
    Semantic Interoperability: The ability to automatically interpret the information exchanged meaningfully and accurately in order to produce useful results by the end users of both the computer systems.
    Cross-Domain Interoperability: it considers social, political, legal entities working together for information exchange.

    3. Levels of interoperability testing
    a) physical level
    b) data type
    c) specific level
    D) semantic interoperability testing

    4. The interoperability testing is required to save time and cost.It ensures end to end service facility between different sellers.

  25. 1) Interoperability testing: Interoperability is a process where an application interacts with other application.The interoperability testing is performed to check the interaction between different system components. As many different kinds of technology are being built into architectures it is done with different parts where certain operation is critical for developing user base.
    2) Types of Interoperability testing:
    a)Syntactic Interoperability:
    b)Semantic Interoperability:
    c)Cross-Domain Interoperability:
    3)The level of interoperability testing
    a)Physical interoperability
    b)Data-type interoperability
    c)Specific –level interoperability
    d)Semantic interoperability
    4) We need interoperability testing because to ensure that the software product is able to communicate with other components or device without any compatibility issues.

  26. 1)Interoperability testing is to test the the interaction between system components and to test the application or software is compatible with other environments and encourages cross functionality.
    2)Types: syntactic Interoperability, Semantic Interoperability, Cross-domain Interoperability
    3)Levels: Physical, data type, specific level, semantic Interoperability
    4) To conform proper timing and coordination of functions which exists between software.

  27. What is interoperability testing?
    its a testing where an application is tested to ensure that it interacts with other software program or applications
    What are the types of interoperability testing? give some example
    Syntactic Interoperability
    Semantic Interoperability:
    Cross-Domain Interoperability:
    What are the levels of interoperability testing?
    Physical interoperability
    Data-type interoperability
    Specific –level interoperability
    Semantic interoperability
    Why do we need interoperability testing?
    to ensure that software can communicate with other applications without any issue.

  28. Interoperability testing is performed to test if the application can interact with other application. It also checks the interaction between different components.
    Types of Interoperability:
    Syntactic Interoperability, Semantic interoperability, Cross-Domain interoperability
    Levels of interoperability testing:
    Physical interoperability, Data-type interoperability, Specific –level interoperability, Semantic interoperability.
    Why do we need it?
    it ensures the end-end service facility for more products for different sellers. The software should be able to communicate with other components without any compatible issues. If it is not performed, there is a chance of data loss, system crashing, and poor software performance

  29. Interoperability testing is performe to check if application can interact with other application.And to check the interaction between different components.
    Tyes of Interoperability::
    Syntactic interoperability
    Semantic interoperability
    Cross domain interoperability

    Levels of Interoperability:
    Physical interoperability
    Datatype interoperability
    Specific level interoperability
    Semantic interoperability
    Interoperability testing is done because it ensures the end-end service facility for more products for different sellers. The software should be able to communicate with other components without any compatible issues.

  30. 1.) Interoperability testing is performed to check the interaction between systems, it is done on the most critical operations for developing user base. It involves testing the application or software to see if it compatible in other environments. This testing ensures that communication between the software is effective and without issue. If the testing isn’t done good there will be loss of data unreliable performance, low maintanability and incorrect oporation which will shows this a is an important testing method.

    2.) Some types of Interoperability testing are as follows:

    -Synatactic Interoperability – if two or more computer systems are capable communicating using specified data formats and communication protocols. An example could be a patients medical history being transfered over to a new hospital.

    -Semantic Interoperability – The ability to automatically interpret the information exchanged meaningfully and accurately in order to produce useful results by the end users of both the computer systems. An example of this would be data collecred and transfered using a health census.

    – Cross-Domain Interoperability – It considers social, political, legal entities working together for information exchange. An example would be the police and ambulance exchanging information to respond and correct a situation.

    3.) The different levels of interoperability testing are as follows:
    -Physical Interoperability
    -Data-type Interoperability
    -Specific Interoperability
    -Semantic Interoperability

    4.) Interoperability testing is needed simply because it ensures the software should communicate with other components without compatability issue, and the end to end service facility for more products to differnet sellers. It helps prevent loss of data, unreliable performance, low maintainability and incorrect operation. This type of testing does have some difficulties such as determing the root and depth of a defect, accurate measurement of application results, complex features, testing all equipment, creating documents and inappropriate requirements. Even with these difficulties i believe this testing is still much needed to ensure the proper performance and communication between the softwares.

  31. 1. Interoperability testing involves testing if the application or software program is compatible with other environments and encourages the cross – functionality.
    2. Syntactic interoperability, Semantic interoperability, Cross-domain interoperability.
    3. Physical interoperability
    Data-type interoperability
    Specific –level interoperability
    Semantic interoperability
    4.Interoperability testing is done because it ensures the end-end service facility for more products for different sellers. The software should be able to communicate with other components without any compatible issues.

  32. 1. Interoperability testing is a type of testing that evaluates the compatibility and cross functionality of a software/application with different environments and system components.
    2. The types of interoperability testing: syntactic interoperability, semantic interoperability, and cross-domain interoperability.
    An example of syntactic interoperability: Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) which is an exchange model that specifies the encoding, structure, and semantics for clinical documents.
    An example of semantic interoperability: health information exchanges and population health data collection methods that require data interpretation. Semantic interoperability utilizes structured data exchanges and data codification to transfer and share information between healthcare IT systems.
    An example of cross-domain interoperability: a disaster-reporting software that stores and displays critical information, which is a collection of uploads to the cloud from multiple organizations, such as police departments, firefighters, military, hospitals, etc.
    3. The levels of interoperability testing: physical interoperability, data-type interoperability, specific-level interoperability, semantic interoperability.
    4. We need interoperability testing to ensure that there are no compatibility issues during the communications between two software. We need to validate proper end to end functionality between the communicating systems to meet the standard requirement.

  33. 1.Interoperability testing is type of testing to check whether software can interact with each other software components or system.
    2. Three types of interoperability testing:
    Syntactic Interoperability: if two or more computer systems are capable communicating using specified data formats and communication protocols.
    Semantic Interoperability: The ability to automatically interpret the information exchanged meaningfully and accurately in order to produce useful results by the end users of both the computer systems.
    Cross-Domain Interoperability: it considers social, political, legal entities working together for information exchange.
    3. The different software levels of interoperability testing :
    Physical interoperability,Data-type interoperability,Specific –level interoperability,Semantic interoperability.
    4. When we do Interoperability testing the software should be able to communicate with other components without any compatible issues.

  34. Interoperability testing: In this type the software is tested with various environments. It is based on how the software or the application is compatible with other applications, exchanging the data and handling stress to give the accurate results.
    2. Types:
    Syntactic interoperability testing
    Semantic interoperability testing
    Cross domain interoperability testing
    3. Levels:
    Physical interoperability
    Data type interoperability
    Specific interoperability
    Semantic interoperability
    4. Need of interoperability testing:
    This type of testing is important to test the software whether the accurate data is transferred among other applications or not.
    Also to test how the software is compatible with various environments and the software’s stress handling capacity to give the accepted results.

  35. 1.The software is tested in the test environment which has different software and hardware settings with variety of testing tools. The interoperability testing is performed to check the interaction between different system components. As many different kinds of technology are being built into architectures it is done with different parts where certain operation is critical for developing user base

    2. i) Syntactic Interoperability
    ii) Semantic Interoperability
    iii)Cross-Domain Interoperability

    3.The different software levels in interoperability testing is

    Physical interoperability
    Data-type interoperability
    Specific –level interoperability
    Semantic interoperability

    4. To determine the perfect and accurate data passed between the software

  36. 1. What is interoperability testing?
    Interoperability testing is performed to check the interaction between different system components.
    2. What are the types of interoperability testing? give some example
    a.Syntactic Interoperability: if two or more computer systems are capable of communicating using specified data formats and communication protocols.
    b.Semantic Interoperability: The ability to automatically interpret the information exchanged meaningfully and accurately in order to produce useful results by the end users of both computer systems.
    c.Cross-Domain Interoperability: it considers social, political, and legal entities working together for information exchange.
    3. What are the levels of interoperability testing?
    Physical interoperability
    Data-type interoperability
    Specific–level interoperability
    Semantic interoperability
    4. Why do we need interoperability testing?
    The Objective of this testing is to determine the perfect and accurate data passed between the software

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