What is Session Management?

Session management is used to store session information of a user. It is also known as Session tracking. Session Management is used to maintain the state of a user because the HTTP protocol is stateless. Every request made to the server by the user, it is considered as a new request. Hence, it becomes essential to store the session information to recognize the user.

Session Tracking Techniques:

Session Tracking is done using the below four techniques:

1. Cookies
2. Hidden Form Field
3. URL Rewriting
4. HttpSession

1] Cookies:

Cookies are a small piece of information that is sent by the server along with the response and is stored on the client’s system. There are two types of cookies: 

• Non-persistent cookie: These cookies are valid for only a single session, and cookies will be removed when the user closes the browser.
• Persistent cookie: These cookies are valid for multiple sessions and cookies will not be removed when the user close the browser. Cookies will only remove when the user log out/sign out.

Methods used in Cookie Class:

• public void setMaxAge(int expiry): This will set the maximum age of the cookie in seconds.
• public String getName(): This method will return the name of the cookie and the name cannot be changed after it has been created.
• public String getValue(): It returns the value of the cookie.
• public void setName(String name): This is used to change the name of the cookie.
• public void setValue(String value): This is used to change the value of the cookie.
• public void addCookie(Cookie ck): This method of HttpServletResponse interface is used to add cookie in response object.
• public Cookie[] getCookies(): This method of HttpServletRequest interface is used to return all the cookies from the browser.

Example: Index.html

<form method="post" action="validate">
    Name:<input type="text" name="user" /><br/>
    Password:<input type="text" name="pass" ><br/>
    <input type="submit" value="submit">
</form>

MyServlet.java

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;

public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet {
  protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
        String name = request.getParameter("user");
        String pass = request.getParameter("pass"); 
        if(pass.equals("1234"))
        {
            Cookie ck = new Cookie("username", name);
            response.addCookie(ck);
            response.sendRedirect("First");
        }
    }
}

First.java

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
 public class First extends HttpServlet {
  protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
        PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
        Cookie[] cks = request.getCookies();
        out.println("Welcome "+ cks[0].getValue());
    }
}

2] Hidden Form Field:

In Hidden form Field, a hidden text field is used to maintain the session information.

[box type=”info” align=”” class=”” width=””]Syntax: <input type=”hidden” name=”uname” value=”ABC”>  [/box]

Hidden form Field always work whether cookies are enable or not and are maintained at sever side.

Example:

First.java

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class First extends HttpServlet {
  protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
        PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
        
//getting value submitted in form from HTML file
        String user = request.getParameter("user"); 
        //creating a new hidden form field
        out.println("<form action='Second'>");
        out.println("<input type='hidden' name='user' value='"+user+"'>");
        out.println("<input type='submit' value='submit' >");
        out.println("</form>");
    }
}

Second.java

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class Second extends HttpServlet {
  protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
        PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
        
        //getting parameter from the hidden field
        String user = request.getParameter("user");
        out.println("Welcome "+user);
    }
}

3] URL Rewriting

In URL Rewriting a token or an identifier is added to the URL of the next Servlet Request. This token or identifier contains value in the form of name/value pairs separated by equal ( = ) sign.

[box type=”info” align=”” class=”” width=””]Syntax: url?name1=value1&name2=value2&?? [/box]

It will also work whether a cookie is enable or not. The main disadvantage of URL Rewriting approach is that it only works with the links.

Example

MyServlet.java

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class MyServlet extends HttpServlet {
  protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
        String name = request.getParameter("user");
        String pass = request.getParameter("pass");
        if(pass.equals("1234"))
        {
            response.sendRedirect("First?user_name="+ name);
        }
    }   
}

First.java

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class First extends HttpServlet {
  protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
        PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
        String user = request.getParameter("user_name");
        out.println("Welcome "+user);
    }
}

4] HttpSession

In HttpSession web container creates a session id for each user which is then used to identify the user. HttpSession are used to perform two tasks:

1. bind the objects.
2. View and change the information about a session such as session id, creation time, etc.

Methods used in HttpSession:

• public HttpSession getSession(): It will return the current session associated with the request, and if the request does not have any session then it will create one.
• public HttpSession getSession(boolean create): It will return the current HttpSession associated with this request, and if there is no current session established and value of create is true it will then returns a new session.
• public String getId(): It will return a string containing the unique identifier value.
• public long getCreationTime(): It returns the time when this session was created.
• public long getLastAccessedTime(): It returns the last time the client sent a request associated.
• public void invalidate(): It will invalidate the session and then unbinds any objects which are bound to it.

Example:

Validate.java

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class Validate extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
        String name = request.getParameter("user");
        String pass = request.getParameter("pass");
        if(pass.equals("1234"))
        {
            //creating a session
            HttpSession session = request.getSession();
            session.setAttribute("user", name);
            response.sendRedirect("Welcome");
        }
    }
}

Welcome.java

import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class Welcome extends HttpServlet {
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
        PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
        HttpSession session = request.getSession();
        String user = (String)session.getAttribute("user");
        out.println("Hello "+user);
    }
}